Different Types of Courts in Nigeria & Functions

Curious about the different types of courts in Nigeria and what they do? Look no further! In this article, we’ll break down the functions of each court in a way that’s easy to understand.

Supreme Court of Nigeria: The Pinnacle (Original & Appellate Jurisdiction)

Nigeria’s highest court, the Supreme Court, has both original and appellate jurisdiction. It has been in operation since the nation gained independence in 1963 and serves as the ultimate authority for appeals from subordinate federal courts and the highest state courts. The decisions made by the Supreme Court are binding on all courts in Nigeria except for the Federal High Court.

Court of Appeal: Evaluating the Trial Landscape

The Court of Appeal, with seventy-two branches across Nigeria’s six zones, is next in the judicial hierarchy after the Supreme Court. Its primary role is to review trial court proceedings, particularly in election-related matters and presidential terms.

Federal High Court: Navigating Federal Territories

The Federal High Court, located in over fifteen states, handles civil matters such as the Federal Government’s revenue, taxation, customs, excise charges, banking, admiralty, and citizenship.

State High Court: Parallel to Federal High Court

Similar to the Federal High Court, State High Courts tackle both civil and criminal disputes, drawing jurisdiction from various lower courts.

National Industrial Court: Championing Economic Justice

The National Industrial Court specializes in economic laws and aims to resolve trade disputes involving workers, employers, and trade unions.

Sharia Court of Appeal: Embracing Religious Jurisprudence

Functioning mainly in Sharia-practicing regions, the Sharia Court of Appeal interprets and reviews civil matters exclusively related to Islamic law.

Customary Court of Appeal: Upholding Tradition

Designed to operate alongside the regular courts, the Customary Court of Appeal deals specifically with civil disputes rooted in customary law.

Magistrate and District Courts: Grassroots Legal Resolution

Magistrate and District Courts operate as lower division courts under state authority, offering swift decisions at the grassroots level on civil law matters.

In conclusion, the Nigerian judicial system weaves a tapestry of legal institutions, each contributing uniquely to the country’s legal framework. This comprehensive guide aims to provide clarity on the functions of each court, fostering a deeper appreciation for the intricate workings of justice in Nigeria.

FAQs

What are the main types of courts in Nigeria?

The Nigerian court system is made up of several types of courts, including the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Federal High Court, State High Court, Sharia Court of Appeal, Customary Court of Appeal, Magistrate Court, and Customary Courts. Each court has different levels of jurisdiction and functions depending on the type of case.

What is the role of the Supreme Court in Nigeria?

The Supreme Court is the highest court in Nigeria and serves as the final court of appeal. It has the authority to interpret the constitution, decide on disputes involving state and federal governments, and review judgments from the Court of Appeal. Its decisions are binding on all other courts.

How do the Federal High Court and State High Courts differ?

The Federal High Court handles cases that involve federal matters such as taxation, immigration, maritime issues, and disputes involving the federal government. On the other hand, State High Courts deal with state-related issues, including civil and criminal cases within the jurisdiction of the state. Both courts, however, have significant powers of interpretation and adjudication.

What is the function of Sharia and Customary Courts in Nigeria?

Sharia Courts primarily handle cases involving Islamic personal law such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and other religious matters for Muslims. Customary Courts deal with cases that involve traditional and cultural laws, especially issues of marriage, land disputes, and inheritance under customary practices. Both function at lower levels and are specific to particular communities and religious groups.